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On an industrial scale, microalgae are usually cultivated in open-pond systems due to the low operational cost however, the ponds offer an insufficient control of reaction conditions as well as possible contamination from harmful microorganisms. Aquatic plants and microalgae are also used for phytoremediation, absorbing pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus, degrading organic matter, and accumulate heavy metals in their biomass. The application of mixotrophic microalgae in combination with wastewater treatment are reviewed in. In wastewater treatment applications, mixotrophic microalgae can also be implemented as they use different organic and inorganic substances that would be considered a contaminant otherwise, for their growth. While plants like rapeseed are nowadays used for lipid production, microalgae seem to be a promising alternative as they do not compete with the food and grow fast. Lipids produced from microalgae or other microorganisms are the basis for this production. With the increasing demand for environmentally friendly alternatives, the development of biofuel and biolubricants has become a common research topic. Bioactives with antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antihypertensive, anticancer, and anticoagulant effects were found in red algae and Spirulina. These organisms contain complex polysaccharides, minerals, proteins, and vitamins as well as diverse phytochemicals, which have interesting therapeutic properties. Some species of microalgae, particularly brown algae, have also been in the spotlight of food production, thanks to their nutritional value.
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In a study, supported by the European Union, 33 microalgae strains were analyzed as new potential production hosts for active compounds for human therapeutics. Phototrophic microorganisms may become cell factories for the biological synthesis of bioactive compounds. Converting carbon dioxide provides an environmental advantage over heterotrophic organisms, as CO 2 sequestration reduces the increase of global warming. Photosynthetic microorganisms such as microalgae and cyanobacteria have become subjects of interest recently. Biotechnological methods can pave the way to more sustainable chemical products of renewable resources. The priority is to develop new technologies without directly or indirectly using valuable land for plants, food, or fossil fuels. The Commission intends to present a chemical strategy for sustainability to protect citizens and the environment from hazardous chemicals, as well as to promote innovation for the development of safe and sustainable alternatives. The EU Commission identified the chemical industry as one of the closest industries to the EU Green Deal, due to its impact on the end-use sector. Finally, this review covers recommendations on the criteria for photobioreactor selection and operation while up-scaling of phototrophic bioprocesses with microalgae or cyanobacteria.Īfter the earlier ‘green trend’ in the 1980s, bio-based chemicals, such as oleochemicals, gained increasing attention as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuel-based products. A few other less common designs such as illuminated plastic bags or aquarium tanks are also used mainly because of their relatively low cost, but up-scaling of these designs is challenging with additional light-driven issues. Closed tubular photobioreactors as well as open photobioreactors like small-scale raceway ponds and thin-layer cascades are applied as scale-down models of the respective large-scale bioreactors. Illuminated stirred-tank bioreactors facilitate the application of very well-defined reaction conditions. The application of illuminated bubble column reactors strongly emphasizes homogenous gas distribution, while illuminated flat plate bioreactors offer high and uniform light input.
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Illuminated shake flasks are used for simple uncontrolled batch studies. Illuminated microtiter plates and microfluidic devices offer an option for automated high-throughput studies with microalgae. This review focuses on laboratory-scale photobioreactors and their different designs. Full-scale phototrophic cultivation of microalgae and cyanobacteria can be done in open ponds or closed photobioreactor systems, which have a broad range of volumes. Phototrophic microorganisms that convert carbon dioxide are being explored for their capacity to solve different environmental issues and produce bioactive compounds for human therapeutics and as food additives.